Conceptualization and operationalization of empathy in design research

In this research note, we bring clarity to the concept of empathy in design by discussing issues its conceptualization and operationalization. We review literature identify clarify core concepts showcase potential operationalizations, borrowing from closely related fields social psychology neuroscience. five concepts: empathic understanding, research, action, orientation, mental processes. also six operationalizations: tendencies, beliefs about empathy, emotion recognition, understanding contents, shared feelings, prosocial responding. By combining provide a frame operation for future design.